Sobrecarga em cuidadores de usuários de um centro de atenção psicossocial infanto-juvenil no sul do Brasil / Work overload faced by caregivers assisting frequenters of a psychosocial care center for children and adolescents in the south of Brazil

O objetivo deste artigo é comparar as médias de sobrecarga de cuidadores de usuários do Centro de Atenção Psicossocial infanto-juvenil (CAPSi) da cidade de Pelotas (RS) em relação à saúde mental de crianças e adolescentes e a do próprio cuidador. Estudo transversal realizado com o principal cuidador do usuário do CAPSi. A sobrecarga foi avaliada pela escala Zarit Burden Interview e os problemas de saúde mental dos usuários através da Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire (SDQ). Para verificar a presença de possíveis transtornos mentais comuns (TMC) nos cuidadores, utilizou-se o questionário Self-Report Questionnaire (SRQ-20). Foi utilizado o Teste t e ANOVA para análise dos dados. As médias de sobrecarga foram significativamente mais altas nos cuidadores de usuários com problemas de conduta (p = 0,000), hiperatividade (p = 0,001) e problemas de relacionamento com colegas (p = 0,001). Também foram significativamente maiores entre aqueles classificados como possíveis casos de TMC (p = 0,000); entre as mulheres (p = 0,032) e os que já tiveram problemas na Justiça e/ou Conselho Tutelar (p = 0,039) envolvendo o usuário. Salienta-se a importância de trabalhos destinados aos cuidadores visando melhorar a qualidade do cuidado e da vida dos mesmos.

The scope of this article is to compare the work overload averages among caregivers assisting frequenters of a Psychosocial Care Center for children and adolescents (CAPSi) in Pelotas-Brazil in relation to the mental health of the children and adolescents and the caregivers themselves. It involved a cross-sectional study conducted with the primary caregiver of CAPSi frequenters. The work overload was evaluated using the Zarit Burden Interview scale and the mental health problems of frequenters were assessed using the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire (SDQ). To verify the presence of common potential mental disorders of caregivers, a Self-Report Questionnaire (SRQ-20) was used. T-test and ANOVA was used for data analysis. The average work overload was significantly higher in caregivers of frequenters with behavioral problems (p = 0.000), hyperactivity (p = 0.001) and relationship problems with peers (p = 0.001). IT was also significantly higher among those classified as potential cases of common mental disorders (p = 0.000); women caregivers (p = 0.032) and those with past problems with the Judiciary and/or Guardianship Council involving a frequenter (p = 0.039). The importance of work geared to caregivers to enhance the quality of care and quality of life of the caregivers themselves should be highlighted.

[Work overload faced by caregivers assisting frequenters of a psychosocial care center for children and adolescents in the south of Brazil]. / Sobrecarga em cuidadores de usuários de um centro de atenção psicossocial infanto-juvenil no sul do Brasil.

The scope of this article is to compare the work overload averages among caregivers assisting frequenters of a Psychosocial Care Center for children and adolescents (CAPSi) in Pelotas-Brazil in relation to the mental health of the children and adolescents and the caregivers themselves. It involved a cross-sectional study conducted with the primary caregiver of CAPSi frequenters. The work overload was evaluated using the Zarit Burden Interview scale and the mental health problems of frequenters were assessed using the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire (SDQ). To verify the presence of common potential mental disorders of caregivers, a Self-Report Questionnaire (SRQ-20) was used. T-test and ANOVA was used for data analysis. The average work overload was significantly higher in caregivers of frequenters with behavioral problems (p = 0.000), hyperactivity (p = 0.001) and relationship problems with peers (p = 0.001). IT was also significantly higher among those classified as potential cases of common mental disorders (p = 0.000); women caregivers (p = 0.032) and those with past problems with the Judiciary and/or Guardianship Council involving a frequenter (p = 0.039). The importance of work geared to caregivers to enhance the quality of care and quality of life of the caregivers themselves should be highlighted.

Depressive symptoms in HIV-infected patients treated with highly active antiretroviral therapy.

INTRODUCTION: The prevalence of depressive disorders in HIV-infected patients ranges from 12% to 66% and is undiagnosed in 50% to 60% of these patients. Depression in HIV-infected individuals may be associated with poor antiretroviral treatment (ART) outcomes, since it may direct influence compliance. OBJECTIVE: To assess the presence of symptoms and risk factors for depression in patients on ART. METHODS: Cross-sectional study. Certified interviewers administered questionnaires and the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI), and participants' self-reported compliance to ART. Clinical and laboratory variables were obtained from clinical records. Patients with BDI > 12 were defined as depressed. RESULTS Out of the 250 patients invited to participate, 246 (98%) consented. Mean age was 41 ± 9.9 years; most were male (63%). Income ranged from 0-14 Brazilian minimum wages. AIDS (CDC stage C) had been diagnosed in 97%, and 81% were in stable immune status. One hundred ninety-one (78%) reported compliance, and 161 (68%) had undetectable viral loads. The prevalence of depressive symptoms was 32% (95% CI 26-40). In multivariate analysis, depressive symptoms were significantly associated with income (prevalence ratio [PR] = 0.85; 95% CI 0.74-0.97; p = 0.02). CONCLUSIONS: Depressive symptoms are frequent in patients on ART, and are associated with low income.

Depressive symptoms in HIV-infected patients treated with highly active antiretroviral therapy / Sintomas depressivos em pacientes infectados pelo HIV tratados por terapia antiretroviral altamente ativa

INTRODUCTION: The prevalence of depressive disorders in HIV-infected patients ranges from 12% to 66% and is undiagnosed in 50% to 60% of these patients. Depression in HIV-infected individuals may be associated with poor antiretroviral treatment (ART) outcomes, since it may direct influence compliance. OBJECTIVE: To assess the presence of symptoms and risk factors for depression in patients on ART. METHODS: Cross-sectional study. Certified interviewers administered questionnaires and the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI), and participants' self-reported compliance to ART. Clinical and laboratory variables were obtained from clinical records. Patients with BDI > 12 were defined as depressed. RESULTS Out of the 250 patients invited to participate, 246 (98%) consented. Mean age was 41 ± 9.9 years; most were male (63%). Income ranged from 0-14 Brazilian minimum wages. AIDS (CDC stage C) had been diagnosed in 97%, and 81% were in stable immune status. One hundred ninety-one (78%) reported compliance, and 161 (68%) had undetectable viral loads. The prevalence of depressive symptoms was 32% (95% CI 26-40). In multivariate analysis, depressive symptoms were significantly associated with income (prevalence ratio [PR] = 0.85; 95% CI 0.74-0.97; p = 0.02). CONCLUSIONS: Depressive symptoms are frequent in patients on ART, and are associated with low income.

INTRODUÇÃO:A prevalência de transtornos depressivos em pacientes infectados pelo HIV varia de 12% a 66% e não é diagnosticada em 50% a 60% desses pacientes. A depressão em indivíduos HIV positivo pode se associar a resultados fracos do tratamento antirretroviral (TAR) porque pode influenciar diretamente a aderência ao regime. OBJETIVO: Avaliar a presença de sintomas e de fatores de risco de depressão em pacientes em TAR. MÉTODOS: Estudo em corte transverso. Entrevistadores certificados administraram questionários e o Beck Depression Inventory (BDI), e os participantes fizeram o autorrelato da aderência ao TAR. Variáveis clínicas e laboratoriais foram obtidas dos prontuários clínicos. Os pacientes com escore ao BDI > 12 foram definidos como deprimidos. RESULTADOS: Dos 250 pacientes convidados a participar, 246 (98%) concordaram. A média de idade foi de 41 ± 9,9 anos; a maioria dos pacientes era do sexo masculino (63%). A renda variou de 0-14 salários mínimos brasileiros. A AIDS (estágio C dos CDC) havia sido diagnosticada em 97% e 81% estavam em estado imune estável. Dos pacientes, 191 (78%) relataram aderência e 161 (68%) tinham carga viral não detectável. A prevalência dos sintomas depressivos foi de 32% (IC 95% 26-40). Em análise multivariada, os sintomas depressivos se associaram significativamente à renda (razão de prevalência [RP] = 0,85, IC 95% 0,74-0,97; p = 0,02). CONCLUSÕES: Os sintomas depressivos são frequentes em pacientes em TAR e se associam a uma renda baixa.

Risco de suicídio em jovens com transtornos de ansiedade: estudo de base populacional / Suicide risk in young adults with anxiety disorders: population-based study / Riesgo de suicidio en jóvenes con trastornos de ansiedad: estudio de base poblacional

Este estudo teve por objetivo verificar a relação entre a presença de transtornos de ansiedade e risco de suicídio em jovens. Em delineamento transversal de base populacional, os jovens respondiam a um questionário sobre questões sociodemográficas, comportamentais e de saúde. Avaliou-se o bem-estar psicológico através da Escala de Faces de Andrews e consumo de substâncias foi efetuado pelo Teste de Triagem do Envolvimento com Álcool, Cigarro e Outras Substâncias, (Alcohol, Smoking and Substance Involviment Screening Test - ASSIST). A Mini Internacional Neuropsychiatric Interview 5.0 avaliou transtornos de ansiedade e o risco de suicídio. Dos 1.621 jovens entrevistados, 20,9% apresentaram algum transtorno de ansiedade e 8,6% risco de suicídio. A presença de algum transtorno de ansiedade esteve significativamente associada ao risco de suicídio (RP 6,10 IC95% 3,95 a 9,43). Dessa forma, salienta-se a importância de maior atenção ao risco de suicídio também em pacientes com transtornos de ansiedade.(AU)

This study aimed at investigating the relationship between the presence of anxiety disorders and suicide risk in young adults. In a cross-sectional population-based design young adults answered a questionnaire about sociodemographic, behavioral and health characteristics. The measure of psychological well-being was made by Faces Scale of Andrews while the substances use evaluation was performed according to the Alcohol, Smoking and Substance Involvement Screening Test (ASSIST). The Mini International Neuropsychiatric Interview 5.0 evaluated anxiety disorders and suicide risk. Among the 1.621 young adults interviewed, 20.9% had some anxiety disorders and 8.6% suicide risk. After multivariate analysis, the presence of any anxiety disorder was significantly associated with suicide risk (PR 6.10 95% CI 3.95 to 9.43). Thus, it is highlighted the importance of greater attention to suicide risk in those patients with anxiety disorders.(AU)

Este estudio tubo por objetivo verificar la relación entre la presencia de trastornos de ansiedad y riesgo de suicidio en jóvenes. En delineamiento transversal de base poblacional, los jóvenes respondían a un cuestionario sobre cuestiones sociodemográficas, comportamentales y de salud. Se evaluó el bienestar psicológico por medio de la escala de fases de Andrews y consumo de sustancias efectuada por la prueba de detección del envolvimiento con alcohol, cigarrillo y otras sustancias, (Alcohol, Smoking and Substance Involviment Screening Test - ASSIST). La Mini Internacional Neuropsychiatric Interview 5.0 evaluó trastornos de ansiedad y el riesgo de suicidio. De los 1.621 jóvenes entrevistados, 20,9% presentaron algún trastorno de ansiedad y 8,6% riesgo de suicidio. La presencia de algún trastorno de ansiedad estuvo significativamente asociada al riesgo de suicidio (RP 6,10 IC95% 3,95 a 9,43). De esa forma, se resalta la importancia de mayor atención al riesgo de suicidio también en pacientes con trastornos de ansiedad.(AU)

Risco de suicídio em jovens com transtornos de ansiedade: estudo de base populacional / Suicide risk in young adults with anxiety disorders: population-based study / Riesgo de suicidio en jóvenes con trastornos de ansiedad: estudio de base poblacional

Este estudo teve por objetivo verificar a relação entre a presença de transtornos de ansiedade e risco de suicídio em jovens. Em delineamento transversal de base populacional, os jovens respondiam a um questionário sobre questões sociodemográficas, comportamentais e de saúde. Avaliou-se o bem-estar psicológico através da Escala de Faces de Andrews e consumo de substâncias foi efetuado pelo Teste de Triagem do Envolvimento com Álcool, Cigarro e Outras Substâncias, (Alcohol, Smoking and Substance Involviment Screening Test - ASSIST). A Mini Internacional Neuropsychiatric Interview 5.0 avaliou transtornos de ansiedade e o risco de suicídio. Dos 1.621 jovens entrevistados, 20,9% apresentaram algum transtorno de ansiedade e 8,6% risco de suicídio. A presença de algum transtorno de ansiedade esteve significativamente associada ao risco de suicídio (RP 6,10 IC95% 3,95 a 9,43). Dessa forma, salienta-se a importância de maior atenção ao risco de suicídio também em pacientes com transtornos de ansiedade.

This study aimed at investigating the relationship between the presence of anxiety disorders and suicide risk in young adults. In a cross-sectional population-based design young adults answered a questionnaire about sociodemographic, behavioral and health characteristics. The measure of psychological well-being was made by Faces Scale of Andrews while the substances use evaluation was performed according to the Alcohol, Smoking and Substance Involvement Screening Test (ASSIST). The Mini International Neuropsychiatric Interview 5.0 evaluated anxiety disorders and suicide risk. Among the 1.621 young adults interviewed, 20.9% had some anxiety disorders and 8.6% suicide risk. After multivariate analysis, the presence of any anxiety disorder was significantly associated with suicide risk (PR 6.10 95% CI 3.95 to 9.43). Thus, it is highlighted the importance of greater attention to suicide risk in those patients with anxiety disorders.

Este estudio tubo por objetivo verificar la relación entre la presencia de trastornos de ansiedad y riesgo de suicidio en jóvenes. En delineamiento transversal de base poblacional, los jóvenes respondían a un cuestionario sobre cuestiones sociodemográficas, comportamentales y de salud. Se evaluó el bienestar psicológico por medio de la escala de fases de Andrews y consumo de sustancias efectuada por la prueba de detección del envolvimiento con alcohol, cigarrillo y otras sustancias, (Alcohol, Smoking and Substance Involviment Screening Test - ASSIST). La Mini Internacional Neuropsychiatric Interview 5.0 evaluó trastornos de ansiedad y el riesgo de suicidio. De los 1.621 jóvenes entrevistados, 20,9% presentaron algún trastorno de ansiedad y 8,6% riesgo de suicidio. La presencia de algún trastorno de ansiedad estuvo significativamente asociada al riesgo de suicidio (RP 6,10 IC95% 3,95 a 9,43). De esa forma, se resalta la importancia de mayor atención al riesgo de suicidio también en pacientes con trastornos de ansiedad.

Bullying and associated factors in adolescents aged 11 to 15 years.

INTRODUCTION: Bullying among adolescents has become the subject of extensive research due to its negative effects on attitude and behavior. However, Brazilian literature on the topic is scarce. OBJECTIVE: To assess bullying and associated factors among adolescents in a population-based sample in southern Brazil. METHOD: Population-based, cross-sectional study with adolescents aged 11 to 15 years living in the municipality of Pelotas, state of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. RESULTS: A total of 1,145 adolescents were included. Bullying behaviors and attitudes were found to be associated with the following factors: intentionally skipping classes, failing at school, using alcohol, smoking cigarettes, using illegal drugs, having engaged in sexual intercourse, carrying a weapon, being involved in an accident/being run over by any vehicle, and being involved in fights with physical aggression. CONCLUSION: Bullying is associated with several behaviors that pose risk to the adolescents' physical and psychological health.

Bullying e fatores associados em adolescentes com idade entre 11 e 15 anos / Bullying and associated factors in adolescents aged 11 to 15 years

INTRODUCTION: Bullying among adolescents has become the subject of extensive research due to its negative effects on attitude and behavior. However, Brazilian literature on the topic is scarce. OBJECTIVE: To assess bullying and associated factors among adolescents in a population-based sample in southern Brazil. METHOD: Population-based, cross-sectional study with adolescents aged 11 to 15 years living in the municipality of Pelotas, state of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. RESULTS: A total of 1,145 adolescents were included. Bullying behaviors and attitudes were found to be associated with the following factors: intentionally skipping classes, failing at school, using alcohol, smoking cigarettes, using illegal drugs, having engaged in sexual intercourse, carrying a weapon, being involved in an accident/being run over by any vehicle, and being involved in fights with physical aggression. CONCLUSION: Bullying is associated with several behaviors that pose risk to the adolescents' physical and psychological health.

INTRODUÇÃO: O bullying entre adolescentes tem sido objeto de várias pesquisas devido aos prejuízos comportamentais que acarreta. Contudo, a literatura brasileira sobre o tema é escassa. OBJETIVO: Avaliar comportamentos de bullying e fatores associados em uma amostra de base populacional de adolescentes vivendo no sul do Brasil. MÉTODO: Estudo transversal, de base populacional, com adolescentes de 11 a 15 anos de idade residentes na cidade de Pelotas, RS, Brasil. RESULTADOS: Um total de 1.145 adolescentes foram selecionados. Os comportamentos e atitudes de bullying mostraram-se associados aos seguintes fatores: faltar aula intencionalmente, reprovar algum ano na escola, usar álcool, cigarro e/ou drogas ilícitas, ter tido relações sexuais, portar arma, sofrer algum acidente ou atropelamento e brigar e/ou agredir alguém. CONCLUSÃO: O bullying esteve associado com vários comportamentos considerados de risco para a saúde física e psicológica dos adolescentes.

[Sexual risk behavior: factors associated to the number of sexual partners and condom use in adolescents]. / Comportamento sexual de risco: fatores associados ao número de parceiros sexuais e ao uso de preservativo em adolescentes.

The objective of this article is to evaluate the number of sexual partners in the last twelve months and the use of condom in the last three sexual relations of adolescents aged between 15 and 18 years old. It was a cross-sectional study with 960 adolescents. Two dichotomized variables were considered as risk sexual behaviors: two or more sexual partners in the last twelve months, and occasional use of condom in the last three sexual relations. We assessed whether these behaviors were associated with socioeconomic status, gender, adolescent and parental schooling, age, living with the parents, remunerated work, religiosity, drugs use, tobacco, alcohol consumption, alcoholic beverages consume before the last sexual relation. The Poisson regression was used for each outcome. The adolescent gender, schooling, the use of illicit drugs and tobacco in the last month as well as alcoholic beverages consume before the last sexual relation indicates greater risk of keeping sexual relations with two or more partners in the last 12 months. With regard to the occasional use of condom in the last three sexual relations, females and those whose mothers have low schooling presented increased risk. Our study suggests that there is a strong relation between risky behaviors.

Comportamento sexual de risco: fatores associados ao número de parceiros sexuais e ao uso de preservativo em adolescentes / Sexual risk behavior: factors associated to the number of sexual partners and condom use in adolescents

O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar os fatores associados ao número de parceiros sexuais, no último ano, e ao uso de preservativo nas últimas três relações sexuais, entre jovens de quinze e dezoito anos de idade. Trata-se de um estudo transversal com 960 adolescentes. Foram consideradas duas variáveis dicotomizadas como indicativas de comportamentos sexuais de risco: dois ou mais parceiros sexuais nos últimos doze meses e uso ocasional de camisinha nas três últimas relações. Foi investigada a associação destes comportamentos com nível socioeconômico, sexo, escolaridade do adolescente e dos pais, idade, religião, morar com os pais, trabalho remunerado, uso de drogas, tabagismo, consumo de álcool e uso de bebidas alcoólicas na última relação sexual. Para a análise estatística, utilizou-se o modelo de regressão de Poisson. O número de parceiros sexuais nos últimos doze meses associou-se ao sexo, escolaridade do adolescente, uso de drogas ilícitas e cigarro no último mês, assim como consumo de bebida alcoólica antes da última relação sexual. O uso ocasional de preservativo associou-se ao sexo feminino e à baixa escolaridade materna. Os fatores associados ao aumento do número de parceiros sexuais apontam para a forte inter-relação entre comportamentos de risco.

The objective of this article is to evaluate the number of sexual partners in the last twelve months and the use of condom in the last three sexual relations of adolescents aged between 15 and 18 years old. It was a cross-sectional study with 960 adolescents. Two dichotomized variables were considered as risk sexual behaviors: two or more sexual partners in the last twelve months, and occasional use of condom in the last three sexual relations. We assessed whether these behaviors were associated with socioeconomic status, gender, adolescent and parental schooling, age, living with the parents, remunerated work, religiosity, drugs use, tobacco, alcohol consumption, alcoholic beverages consume before the last sexual relation. The Poisson regression was used for each outcome. The adolescent gender, schooling, the use of illicit drugs and tobacco in the last month as well as alcoholic beverages consume before the last sexual relation indicates greater risk of keeping sexual relations with two or more partners in the last 12 months. With regard to the occasional use of condom in the last three sexual relations, females and those whose mothers have low schooling presented increased risk. Our study suggests that there is a strong relation between risky behaviors.

Ideação suicida na adolescência: prevalência e fatores associados / Suicidal ideation in adolescence: prevalence and associated factors

OBJETIVO: Avaliar a prevalência de ideação suicida, assim como de seus fatores associados, em adolescentes entre 15 e 18 anos da cidade de Pelotas (RS). MÉTODOS: 960 adolescentes responderam a um questionário autoaplicado e sigiloso em estudo transversal de base populacional. A ideação suicida foi aferida por meio do item 17 do SRQ-20, que avalia transtornos psiquiátricos menores. Para a análise estatística, utilizou-se a regressão logística. RESULTADOS: A prevalência de ideação suicida foi de 7,7 por cento. A baixa escolaridade da mãe, a baixa escolaridade do adolescente, o sedentarismo, o uso de álcool e de outras substâncias e o comportamento agressivo mantiveram associação estatisticamente significativa com ideação suicida. CONCLUSÃO: Programas preventivos devem preferencialmente atingir adolescentes de baixa escolaridade que apresentem comportamento agressivo e relatem uso de substâncias.

OBJECTIVE: To assess the prevalence of suicidal ideation and associated factors in adolescents between 15 and 18 years of Pelotas (RS). METHODS: 960 adolescents answered a self-areported and confidential questionnaire in a population-based cross-sectional study. Suicidal ideation was measured by item 17 of the SRQ-20 that assesses minor psychiatric disorders. Statistical analysis used the logistic regression. RESULTS: The prevalence of suicidal ideation was 7.7 percent. Low mother's education, low schooling, physical inactivity, alcohol and other substances and aggressive behavior remained significantly associated with suicidal ideation after multivariate analysis. CONCLUSION: Prevention programs should preferably reach adolescents with low education who have aggressive behavior and report use of substances.

[Prevalence and factors associated with behavioral disorders in adolescents: a population-based study]. / Prevalência e fatores associados ao transtorno da conduta entre adolescentes: um estudo de base populacional.

This study proposed to estimate the prevalence of behavioral disorders and associated factors in adolescents (11-15 years), using a cross-sectional design (n = 1,145). Subjects answered a self-administered questionnaire. Behavioral disorder was assessed with the Mini International Neuropsychiatric Interview (MINI). The study analyzed disorders in relation to gender, age, socioeconomic status, schooling, failure in school, religion, smoking, sedentary lifestyle, alcohol consumption, drug use, depression, and bullying (as victim). Ordinal regression was used for the statistical analysis, with a hierarchical model for the outcome. An estimated 29.2% of the sample presented behavioral disorders. In the multivariate analysis, the odds ratio for a male adolescent to present one additional point on the behavioral disorder scale was 2.04 (95%CI: 1.53-2.71). Alcohol consumption, drug use, and suffering bullying were associated with higher scores on the behavioral disorder scale. The findings also showed that the factors associated with behavioral disorder showed a strong interrelationship between health behaviors in adolescence.

Prevalência e fatores associados ao transtorno da conduta entre adolescentes: um estudo de base populacional / Prevalence and factors associated with behavioral disorders in adolescents: a population-based study

Este trabalho procurou estimar a prevalência e os fatores associados ao transtorno da conduta em adolescentes com idade entre 11 e 15 anos. Realizou-se um estudo transversal com 1.145 adolescentes na cidade de Pelotas, Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil. Os adolescentes responderam a um questionário auto-aplicado. O transtorno da conduta foi avaliado através do Mini International Neuropsychiatric Interview (MINI). Foi investigada a associação desta psicopatologia com sexo, idade, nível sócio-econômico, escolaridade do adolescente, reprovação na escola, religião, sedentarismo, consumo de álcool, tabagismo, uso de drogas, depressão e sofrer bullying. A regressão ordinal foi usada para a análise estatística. Estima-se que, entre os entrevistados, 29,2 por cento tenham transtorno da conduta. Na análise multivariada, a chance de um adolescente apresentar um ponto a mais na escala que avalia transtorno da conduta foi 2,04 (IC95 por cento: 1,53-2,71) vezes maior no sexo masculino. O consumo de bebida alcoólica, o uso de drogas e sofrer bullying estiveram associados com maior pontuação na escala de transtornos de conduta. Os resultados também mostraram que os fatores associados ao transtorno da conduta apontam para a forte interrelação entre comportamentos de saúde na adolescência.

This study proposed to estimate the prevalence of behavioral disorders and associated factors in adolescents (11-15 years), using a cross-sectional design (n = 1,145). Subjects answered a self-administered questionnaire. Behavioral disorder was assessed with the Mini International Neuropsychiatric Interview (MINI). The study analyzed disorders in relation to gender, age, socioeconomic status, schooling, failure in school, religion, smoking, sedentary lifestyle, alcohol consumption, drug use, depression, and bullying (as victim). Ordinal regression was used for the statistical analysis, with a hierarchical model for the outcome. An estimated 29.2 percent of the sample presented behavioral disorders. In the multivariate analysis, the odds ratio for a male adolescent to present one additional point on the behavioral disorder scale was 2.04 (95 percentCI: 1.53-2.71). Alcohol consumption, drug use, and suffering bullying were associated with higher scores on the behavioral disorder scale. The findings also showed that the factors associated with behavioral disorder showed a strong interrelationship between health behaviors in adolescence.

Iniciação sexual entre adolescentes de Pelotas, Rio Grande do Sul / Sexual initiation among adolescents of Pelotas, state of Rio Grande do Sul

O objetivo do presente estudo foi avaliar a idade de início das atividades sexuais e fatores associados em adolescentes. Realizou-se estudo transversal em uma amostra representativa de adolescentes de 15 a 18 anos residentes na cidade de Pelotas. Sortearam-se, aleatoriamente, 90 setores a partir de 448 setores censitários, em cada setor foram visitados 86 domicílios. Os adolescentes respondiam a um questionário auto-aplicado e anônimo contendo questões sobre nível socioeconômico, sexo, escolaridade do adolescente e dos pais, idade, religião, morar com os pais, trabalho remunerado, uso de drogas, tabagismo, consumo de álcool e comportamento sexual. A iniciação sexual foi avaliada através da idade da primeira relação. A mediana da idade da primeira relação sexual foi calculada usando-se tabelas de sobrevida, e as medianas foram comparadas através do long rank teste e na análise multivariada utilizou-se a regressão de Cox. Foram entrevistados 960 adolescentes. A mediana da idade da primeira relação sexual foi de 16,7 anos. O risco de ter iniciação sexual em uma idade mais jovem foi maior entre os homens, assim como naqueles adolescentes que não residem com a mãe ou com o pai. O mesmo ocorreu com os jovens que não possuem trabalho remunerado, não praticam sua religiosidade, consumiram bebida alcoólica ou tabaco no último mês e carregaram arma nos últimos 12 meses. A idade da primeira relação sexual foi menor entre os adolescentes fumantes e consumidores de maconha, cocaína ou bebidas alcoólicas. A iniciação sexual é menor entre os adolescentes usuários de tabaco ou outras substâncias psicoativas, o que sugere que os comportamentos em saúde estão inter-relacionados.(AU)

This study aims to evaluate the age of the onset of sexual activities and associated factors in adolescents. It is a cross-sectional study with a representative sample of adolescents between 15 and 18 years old, living in the city of Pelotas. Ninety tracts were randomly drawn from 448 census tracts, and in each tract 86 households were visited. The adolescents answered a self-reported and anonymous questionnaire containing questions about socioeconomic level, sex, adolescent's and parents' education, age, religion, living with parents, paid work, use of drugs, tobacco use, alcohol consumption and sexual behavior. Sexual initiation was evaluated through the age of the first intercourse. The median of the age of the first sexual intercourse was calculated using survival tables, and the medians were compared through the long rank test. In the multivariate analysis, Cox regression was used. In the study, 960 adolescents were interviewed. The median of the age of the first sexual intercourse was 16.7 years. The risk of having sexual initiation in a younger age was larger among men, as well as in those adolescents who do not live with mother/father. The same happened with the youths that do not have paid jobs, those who do not practice their religiosity, those who consumed alcoholic beverages or used tobacco in the last month and those who carried a weapon in the last 12 months. The age of the first sexual intercourse was lower among adolescents who used tobacco, marijuana or cocaine in the last 12 months, as well as among those who drank alcoholic beverages in the same period. The association between sexual initiation and tobacco or other psychoactive substances suggests that these health behaviors are interrelated.(AU)

Iniciação sexual entre adolescentes de Pelotas, Rio Grande do Sul / Sexual initiation among adolescents of Pelotas, state of Rio Grande do Sul

O objetivo do presente estudo foi avaliar a idade de início das atividades sexuais e fatores associados em adolescentes. Realizou-se estudo transversal em uma amostra representativa de adolescentes de 15 a 18 anos residentes na cidade de Pelotas. Sortearam-se, aleatoriamente, 90 setores a partir de 448 setores censitários, em cada setor foram visitados 86 domicílios. Os adolescentes respondiam a um questionário auto-aplicado e anônimo contendo questões sobre nível socioeconômico, sexo, escolaridade do adolescente e dos pais, idade, religião, morar com os pais, trabalho remunerado, uso de drogas, tabagismo, consumo de álcool e comportamento sexual. A iniciação sexual foi avaliada através da idade da primeira relação. A mediana da idade da primeira relação sexual foi calculada usando-se tabelas de sobrevida, e as medianas foram comparadas através do long rank teste e na análise multivariada utilizou-se a regressão de Cox. Foram entrevistados 960 adolescentes. A mediana da idade da primeira relação sexual foi de 16,7 anos. O risco de ter iniciação sexual em uma idade mais jovem foi maior entre os homens, assim como naqueles adolescentes que não residem com a mãe ou com o pai. O mesmo ocorreu com os jovens que não possuem trabalho remunerado, não praticam sua religiosidade, consumiram bebida alcoólica ou tabaco no último mês e carregaram arma nos últimos 12 meses. A idade da primeira relação sexual foi menor entre os adolescentes fumantes e consumidores de maconha, cocaína ou bebidas alcoólicas. A iniciação sexual é menor entre os adolescentes usuários de tabaco ou outras substâncias psicoativas, o que sugere que os comportamentos em saúde estão inter-relacionados.

This study aims to evaluate the age of the onset of sexual activities and associated factors in adolescents. It is a cross-sectional study with a representative sample of adolescents between 15 and 18 years old, living in the city of Pelotas. Ninety tracts were randomly drawn from 448 census tracts, and in each tract 86 households were visited. The adolescents answered a self-reported and anonymous questionnaire containing questions about socioeconomic level, sex, adolescent's and parents' education, age, religion, living with parents, paid work, use of drugs, tobacco use, alcohol consumption and sexual behavior. Sexual initiation was evaluated through the age of the first intercourse. The median of the age of the first sexual intercourse was calculated using survival tables, and the medians were compared through the long rank test. In the multivariate analysis, Cox regression was used. In the study, 960 adolescents were interviewed. The median of the age of the first sexual intercourse was 16.7 years. The risk of having sexual initiation in a younger age was larger among men, as well as in those adolescents who do not live with mother/father. The same happened with the youths that do not have paid jobs, those who do not practice their religiosity, those who consumed alcoholic beverages or used tobacco in the last month and those who carried a weapon in the last 12 months. The age of the first sexual intercourse was lower among adolescents who used tobacco, marijuana or cocaine in the last 12 months, as well as among those who drank alcoholic beverages in the same period. The association between sexual initiation and tobacco or other psychoactive substances suggests that these health behaviors are interrelated.

Sintomatologia depressiva em adolescentes iniciais: estudo de base populacional / Depressive symptomatology in early adolescents – population-based study

OBJETIVO: Verificar a prevalência de sintomatologia depressiva em adolescentes entre 11 e 15 anos em Pelotas, RS, e identificar seus fatores associados. MÉTODOS: Estudo transversal de base populacional com amostra representativa de adolescentes da zona urbana da cidade de Pelotas, RS. Dos 448 setores censitários existentes no município, 79 foram aleatoriamente sorteados. Os jovens entre 11 e 15 anos localizados nestes setores foram convidados a responder o questionário auto-aplicado que continha perguntas sobre: idade, sexo, vida escolar, religião, atividades físicas, entretenimento, tabaco, consumo de álcool, uso de outras drogas, relacionamentos sexuais e conduta. Além disso, a sintomatologia depressiva dos adolescentes foi avaliada por meio da escala Children's Depression Inventory (CDI), também presente no instrumento de pesquisa. Para a análise dos dados foi utilizada a regressão logística ajustada ao modelo hierárquico. RESULTADOS: A prevalência de depressão foi de 2,1%. Após a regressão logística ajustada ao modelo hierárquico, estiveram significativamente associados à depressão: baixa condição socioeconômica, histórico de fracasso acadêmico, ausência de prática religiosa, abuso de álcool nos últimos 30 dias e indicativo de transtorno de conduta. CONCLUSÃO: É evidenciada a necessidade de programas preventivos e integrados de política na adolescência para depressão e comportamentos de risco à saúde.

AIM: Verify the prevalence of depressive symptomatology in adolescents aged between 11 and 15 in Pelotas, RS, and identify its associated factors. METHODS: A cross-sectional base-populational study with a representative sample of adolescents of urban area of Pelotas, RS. Among the 448 census tracts in the urban area of Pelotas, 79 were randomly selected. Youths between 11 and 15 years answered a confidential self-report questionnaire on issues such as: age, gender, school life, religion, physical activities, entertainment, tobacco, and alcohol consumption, use of other drugs, sexual relationship and conduct. Children's Depression Inventory (CDI) was used to quantify the depressive symptomatology. Logistic regression was used in the data analysis, which followed a hierarchical model. RESULTS: Prevalence for high depressive symptomatology was 2.1%. After a logistic regression adjusts to a hierarchical model, it was statistically significant associated to: low social economic condition, history of poor academic performance, absence of religious practice, abuse of alcohol in the previous month and indications of conduct disorders. CONCLUSION: It is evidenced the need of preventive and integrative policy programs in adolescence for depression and health risk behaviors.

Use of contraceptive methods by sexually active teenagers in Pelotas, Rio Grande do Sul State, Brazil.

This study aimed to assess the prevalence of contraceptive use by adolescents. A cross-sectional study was performed from March to September 2002 in a representative sample of adolescents 15 to 18 years of age in the urban area of Pelotas, Rio Grande do Sul State, Brazil. Multiple-stage sampling was used, and in the 448 census tracts located in the urban area, 90 were sampled and households were visited in each tract. Information was collected on sexual initiation and use of contraceptive methods. Chi-square test was used to compare proportions. The sample included 960 adolescents. 88% of subjects reported the use of any contraceptive method. Condoms were the most commonly used method (63.2%). Low adolescent schooling was the only variable associated with increased risk of non-use of contraceptives. Condom use was higher among males, adolescents whose mothers had 9 or more years of schooling, and those reporting several sexual partners in the previous year. Condoms were the most commonly used contraceptive method.

Use of contraceptive methods by sexually active teenagers in Pelotas, Rio Grande do Sul State, Brazil

This study aimed to assess the prevalence of contraceptive use by adolescents. A cross-sectional study was performed from March to September 2002 in a representative sample of adolescents 15 to 18 years of age in the urban area of Pelotas, Rio Grande do Sul State, Brazil. Multiple-stage sampling was used, and in the 448 census tracts located in the urban area, 90 were sampled and households were visited in each tract. Information was collected on sexual initiation and use of contraceptive methods. Chi-square test was used to compare proportions. The sample included 960 adolescents. 88 percent of subjects reported the use of any contraceptive method. Condoms were the most commonly used method (63.2 percent). Low adolescent schooling was the only variable associated with increased risk of non-use of contraceptives. Condom use was higher among males, adolescents whose mothers had 9 or more years of schooling, and those reporting several sexual partners in the previous year. Condoms were the most commonly used contraceptive method.

O estudo avaliou o uso de métodos contraceptivos em adolescentes. Entre março e setembro de 2002, realizou-se um estudo transversal na zona urbana da cidade de Pelotas, Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil. A amostragem foi em múltiplos estágios, 90 dos 448 setores censitários da zona urbana de Pelotas foram sorteados e em cada setor 86 residências foram visitadas. Considerou-se a informação do adolescente sobre a prática de relações sexuais e do uso de métodos contraceptivos. Nas comparações entre as proporções utilizou-se o teste do qui-quadrado. Foram entrevistados 960 adolescentes, enquanto que para 79 não foi possível realizar a entrevista. Aproximadamente 88 por cento dos adolescentes usavam algum método contraceptivo. O preservativo masculino foi encontrado como o método mais usado naqueles adolescentes que têm relação sexual (63,2 por cento). A escolaridade do adolescente foi a única variável associada com o uso de contraceptivos. O uso de preservativo masculino foi mais freqüente entre os meninos, aqueles cuja mãe tinha nove ou mais anos de escolaridade e naqueles com vários parceiros. O preservativo masculino é o método mais usado.

[Psychological well-being and adolescence: associated factors]. / Bem-estar psicológico e adolescência: fatores associados.

This study aimed to evaluate the factors associated with psychological well-being among adolescents in a southern Brazilian city. A cross-sectional study was performed with a representative sample (n = 960) of adolescents (15-18 years). Eighty-six households were visited in each of the 90 randomized census tracts. Parents signed a written consent form before the adolescent answered a self-reported questionnaire. Psychological well-being was evaluated with a scale containing seven figures representing expressions varying from extreme happiness to extreme sadness. Adolescents were asked to mark the figure that best resembled the way they felt about their lives, and 72.33% reported a high level of psychological well-being. Prevalence of psychological well-being was higher in families with better economic status and higher maternal schooling. Adolescents who practiced a religion, did not smoke or consume alcohol, and wished to lose weight showed a higher level of psychological well-being, suggesting an interrelationship between health behaviors.

Bem-estar psicológico e adolescência: fatores associados / Psychological well-being and adolescence: associated factors

Esse trabalho procurou avaliar os fatores associados ao bem-estar psicológico em adolescentes realizando um estudo transversal com amostra representativa (n = 960) com idades entre 15 e 18 anos. Foram visitados 86 domicílios em cada um dos 90 setores censitários sorteados. Um consentimento informado era assinado pelos pais ou responsáveis pelo adolescente antes que ele respondesse a um questionário auto-aplicado. O bem-estar psicológico foi avaliado através de uma escala que continha sete figuras que representavam expressões variando de extrema felicidade até extrema tristeza. O adolescente era solicitado a assinalar aquela figura que mais se assemelhava à maneira como se sentia a respeito da sua vida. Entre os entrevistados 72,33 por cento se consideravam com alto nível de bem-estar psicológico, a prevalência foi maior nas famílias de maior nível sócio-econômico (classe social A ou B) e com maior escolaridade materna. Os resultados também mostraram que pessoas que mantém uma prática religiosa, não fumam, não consomem bebidas alcoólicas e que desejam emagrecer tem maior bem-estar psicológico, sugerindo uma inter-relação entre os comportamentos de saúde.

This study aimed to evaluate the factors associated with psychological well-being among adolescents in a southern Brazilian city. A cross-sectional study was performed with a representative sample (n = 960) of adolescents (15-18 years). Eighty-six households were visited in each of the 90 randomized census tracts. Parents signed a written consent form before the adolescent answered a self-reported questionnaire. Psychological well-being was evaluated with a scale containing seven figures representing expressions varying from extreme happiness to extreme sadness. Adolescents were asked to mark the figure that best resembled the way they felt about their lives, and 72.33 percent reported a high level of psychological well-being. Prevalence of psychological well-being was higher in families with better economic status and higher maternal schooling. Adolescents who practiced a religion, did not smoke or consume alcohol, and wished to lose weight showed a higher level of psychological well-being, suggesting an interrelationship between health behaviors.